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This article may be towards certain viewpoints. Please by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the. September 2014 in is illegal, in that offering for sexual acts seksuelle tjenester or seksuelle ytelser , but not selling sex, is a criminal offence. The law prohibiting the buying of sexual acts sexkjøpsloven came into effect on 1 January 2009, following the passing of new legislation by the Norwegian parliament in November 2008. Early era In early times, of prostitution fell under more general laws on and , particularly after the. Around this time, sexual acts started to be moved from largely with to. Regulation of sexuality in the was largely a function of the Church, for whom only sexual relations within were acceptable. Despite this, prostitution was not considered amongst the most serious sexual crimes, but was frequently associated with other nuisances such as gambling, drinking, and causing a disturbance. Nineteenth century , by , 1886-1887 Prostitution was criminalized in Norway with the introduction of the new Norske Lov in 1842, but was made legal again when the Penal Code Straffeloven was revised in 1902, when the prohibition of both the sale and purchase of sex was lifted. However, even during that time, it was actually tolerated and regulated in practice, in the larger cities such as , , and. While prostitution was defined as an immoral , it was street prostitution that was especially frowned upon, being visible. The regulation of prostitution in Europe Regulationism was closely tied to the concept that prostitution was a source of venereal disease, requiring medical supervision. This form of regulation first appeared in Bergen, then the largest Norwegian municipality, in 1816, in what is now known as Oslo in 1840, and Trondheim in 1844. Regulation was at least on the surface contrary to the Penal Code which had made and hence prostitution a criminal offence in 1842. In practice the latter law was considered only to apply to males. The media, the church, and social commentators started to express concerns about prostitution which was labelled as The Great Social Evil. Various institutions stated a desire to rescue 'fallen women', and help them exit their trade and 're-enter society', training them for positions such as domestic servants. In the mid-nineteenth century, there was a growth of organized society, in which religious and philanthropic organizations developed, many of which had a predominance of women members. The change in the Penal Code in 1902 did not, however, mean that prostitution was more tolerated by society. Modern era A Pan- conference on prostitution was held in in 1993. Sex workers participated, and the emphasis was on. The debate on what to do was to continue for another 30 years. Kvinnenfronten had been founded in 1972, and was to work for a change in the law over all of that time. The criminal Code deals with organized crime Section 60a , third parties tredjeparts , and procurers, such as , halliker pl. An organized criminal group is here defined as an organized group of three or more persons whose main purpose is to commit an act that is punishable by imprisonment for a term of not less than three years, or whose activity largely consists of committing such acts. An increase of the maximum penalty pursuant to the present provision shall be applicable in relation to statutory provisions that give legal effect to the penalty limit, unless it is otherwise provided. Any person who in a public announcement unambiguously offers, arranges or asks for prostitution shall be liable to fines or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. If the sexual intercourse or act has been particularly humiliating in its nature, but it is not punishable under any other law, the punishment is imprisonment for a term of up to 1 year. Gross human trafficking is punishable by imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years. In deciding whether the offence is gross, particular importance shall be attached to whether the person exposed to the act was under the age of 18, whether gross violence or coercion was used or whether the act led to considerable gain. Welfare Prostitution is not considered legal work in Norway. Those entitled to social welfare benefits may claim economical support from when not employed and indigent. Immigration Act It is for foreigners to work as prostitutes in Norway, because prostitution is not considered legal work. Section 27 states that foreigners can be deported for breaches of the peace. Police Act Section 7 Public order and peace allows the police to stop breaches of the peace or intervene when there is reason to fear such a breach. Child Welfare Act Protects and gives rights to children under the age of 18. If a child is in the company of sex workers, this may lead to intervention under the act. All government employees have a duty to report to the child welfare authorities if they see a child who may be suffering from neglect. Communicable Diseases Control Act Entitles residents to preventive care, diagnosis and treatment for such diseases. It does not allow collective restrictions to be imposed on sex workers. In 2013, it was estimated there were 3,000 sex workers prostituert, prostituerte pl. Earnings from sex trade are estimated at 390 million £39m. They also describe themselves as gledespike literally, fille de joie , or hjelpepleier health worker. As in most countries, prostitution takes on a number of different forms, including Gateprostitusjon and indoor prostitution in , bordeller pl. While brothels are technically legal in that there is no explicit law banning then de jure , the sex purchase ban prevents them operating overtly de facto. As a form of protest, it was suggested that some sex workers might operate free brothels that circumvent the ban, to make this point. Later, it was stated that this was an exercise designed primarily to stimulate debate on the issue. The current law banning purchase creates an administrative anomaly, since any money earned is illegal, yet is taxable. Recent legislative proposals have included a ban on advertising. Some sex workers have complained about the lack of government consultation with them. In July 2014, the Nadheim City Mission has reported that street prostitution levels in Norway have returned to those prior to the introduction of the law in 2009. First consideration The possibility of criminalizing the purchase of sex was discussed in an official report in 1997; however, neither the Justis- og politidepartementet nor the Parliament were in favour of taking this step. The Department did, however, promise to re-look at the situation in two years. Norway then criminalized the purchase of sex from people under the age of 18 in 2000 Law 76, 11 August; Penal Code art. Working group report 2004 Although had banned the purchase of sex in 1999, opinions remained divided in Norway. In 2003, as part of its Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Women and Children , the Justice Ministry investigated the situation in both the which had recently legalized and Sweden to better inform the debate, and concluded that neither approach would be appropriate at that point. The working group for this report was chaired by Professor , of 's. With regard's to Sweden's law, the group found that reliable data was unavailable, the law was difficult to enforce, and had had little impact p. The difference between the two countries they saw was the different way they defined prostitution, and hence approached it p. They were particularly concerned about the unintended effects of the Swedish approach p. Changing policy due to immigration The debate which finally led to the introduction of the sex purchase ban concerned the effects of the arrival of women from , typically , on the streets of Norway. It was argued that human trafficking was fuelled by a demand for sex and that therefore a ban was necessary, and whether was offensive. Current law Sexkjøpsloven In November 2008, the Storting passed legislation which criminalized purchasing sex sexkjøploven. This became Section 202a of the Norwegian. If the sexual activity or sexual act is carried out in a particularly offensive manner and no penalty may be imposed pursuant to other provisions, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year The ban extends to Norwegians outside of Norway law. Effect of sex purchase ban Despite an initial drop in the visibility of street prostitution, later reports suggested it had returned to its previous levels. This created great difficulties for Norwegian street workers. A 2012 report on violence against sex workers created considerable interest in the media and a questioning of the law's effects. There has been considerable criticism of the law and its effects. It has proved difficult to evaluate the law, due to the problems of isolating laws from other social factors. For instance, the police have targeted the sellers as much as the purchasers, including evicting them from their homes, so-called Operasjon Husløs, and the law has been enforced patchily from region to region. Other reports suggest that despite some initial decline in street prostitution when the new law was introduced, the number of people selling sex is now greater than ever. Norwegians were also interested in a report released in July 2010 in , since it suggested a large increase in prostitution in neighbouring Nordic countries, once the Swedish law came into effect. It has also been suggested that the law has led to an unfair discrimination against immigrant women. An evaluation of the law was published in August 2014. However, researchers have criticized this because neither the budget nor the scope seem likely to provide useful answers. The evaluation was not expected to add much new to what was already known. Findings The report was released on 11 August 2014. It stated that the law had met its mandate, and that the street market had been reduced, and probably also the indoor market, but that this was more difficult to estimate: Main findings. The ban on purchasing sexual services has reduced demand for sex and thus contribute to reduce the extent of prostitution in Norway. The enforcement of the law, in combination with the laws against trafficking and pimping, makes Norway a less attractive country for prostitution based trafficking than what would have been the case if the law had not been adopted. Furthermore, the economic conditions for prostitution in Norway are reduced following the implementation of the law. These effects are in line with the intentions of the law and are thus not considered as unintended side effects. This report does not find any evidence of more violence against prostitutes after the ban on buying sex entered into force. Response Critics argued that while one could show trends in prostitution, it was simplistic to argue that they were a direct result of regulatory change, given the complex social phenomenon and the many forces acting on it. FrP , the Justice Secretary, has promised a thorough parliamentary inquiry stortingsmelding. The report also states that the it has become much more difficult to be a sex worker in Norway. As with the corresponding Swedish evaluation performed at ten years , the analysis appeared to be gender blind. The 2008 sex purchase ban was passed by the centre-left government. At the time of the passage of the purchase law, it was opposed by the centre-right opposition parties in the Storting, including the Høyre, H , the Fremskrittspartiet, FrP , and the Venstre, V. Høie has now become the. Amongst those continuing to support the law are the Christian Democrats 10 seats , who wish to see the law strengthened. They and the Liberals hold the balance of power in supporting the minority Conservative coalition government. Opposition parties supporting the law include the Labour Party, which holds the greatest number of seats 55 , and the Socialist Left 7 seats. However, even the KrF agree the effects of the law should be evaluated. Support is particularly strong amongst the youth wings of the parties. The twelve member Justice Committee is currently chaired by A , a strong supporter of the law, with H and KrF as deputies. Werp and Anders Anundsen FrP saying only that they will review the evaluation. News from the Nadheim City Mission in July 2014 that the levels of prostitution in Norway had returned to those before the introduction of the law, reignited the debate, with Rotevatn stating that there was a sufficient majority in parliament to rescind the law, and that unless the evaluation produced startlingly positive results, this should now proceed. In November 2013, the Mayor of Oslo, , stated that selling sex was now so prevalent in Oslo that the government should ban the sale as well as purchase of sex. By January 2014, all parties had created platforms around prostitution policy. The law is supported by women's organizations such as the radical feminist Kvinnefronten. Despite political opposition, the law has public support, 65% in January 2014, but at least one newspaper editorial has called for repeal. The issue has now moved into the area of public and political debate; one of the arguments being whether this is merely a matter of whether morality should be legislated, or whether it is about the protection of the vulnerable. Others, especially the social services, dispute the validity of the numbers used, while Kvinnefronten welcomed the news. A critical analysis by researchers suggests that the process has not advanced knowledge, and that the result is inconclusive. Pro Sentret is a health and social service centre for sex workers, and a national coordination centre for prostitution issues. It was set up by Oslo city, and co-funded by the government, with some private donations. It provides health care, social services, legal assistance, and counselling to sex workers of all genders. It has both a drop-in centre and services. Nationally, it carries out research and education on prostitution, and provides a resource on national and international developments in prostitution. In December 2013, substantially reduced funding to Pro Sentret. Although the book was confiscated, and Krogh was fined, the ensuing debate expedited the abolition of prostitution in Norway. Krohg also executed several paintings on the Albertine theme. Despite this, prostitution was a frequent theme in nineteenth century literature. A Norwegian architect has designed a brothel, as a symbolic gesture. Prostitusjon og prostituerte i 1880-åras Kristiania, in A. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. En sammenstilling av den kunnskapen som finnes om arenaer der ungdom selger og kjøper seksuelle tjenester.